Organisational Behaviour and its Types

Analyse how culture, politics and power can influence individual and team behaviour and performance

The study of behaviour of individuals within an organisation and the effects of politics, power and culture on it is called organisational behaviour. Organisation culture is values, beliefs and attitudes that are followed in an organisation (Conard, and et.al, 2016). Every organisation follow a different culture from one another. The functioning, processes, working and goals of every organisation decides what culture it is going to follow. This also depends on the guiding and motivating style of the manager of organisation. River Island is a fashion clothing brand, which operates in a number of supermarkets throughout the world. The working environment in River Island is positive and supports its employee to grow their potential. Employees and organisation together work towards achieving the goals set by River Island. The concept of organisational culture, politics and power are as follows:

Culture

Culture in an organisation is a sum up of beliefs and values which dictates that how are people or employees of the organisation supposed to behave. Culture influences employees in an organisation deeply, it governs on how one dresses, acts or perform during their work. It is very essential for an organisation to create a positive and encouraging environment so that employees feel at ease while working. Employees need to feel that they are a part of the organisation. In context of River Island, these are following different cultural practices adopted by its managers:

1. Power Culture- In power culture, the number or rules and regulations are less than usual. Powers are vested in hands of just a few individuals. This makes the process of decision making easy and quick (Dedahanov, Rhee, and Yoon, 2017). River Island follows this culture under which the managers have power to take decisions which facilitates quick working in an organisation.
2. Task Culture- Task Culture is temporary. It is made when new teams are assigned a task. The team members decide on distribution of roles and other important factors on their own. A whole different culture is again formed when a new team is formed again for another project or task.
3. Role culture-Role cultures are strictly followed based on a set of rules. This type of culture is controlled and monitored very closely. Each individual is aware of their job and duties. It usually happens in law firms.
4. Person culture- In person culture the employees are treated as a different identity. Employees are different from the organisation. They are only people whom company have hired to get their work done.Want to get Assignment help? Talk Our Expert Now!

It is important for River Island to provide such a culture to the employees which they seem best for work. It is necessary for an organisation to create such a culture which do not effect individuals negatively and provide them best environment to work in.

Effects of culture on team: A team is highly affected if its members are from different cultural backgrounds. Conflicts among team member may arise due to different opinions as all of their beliefs and values differ from each other. Communication barrier my also develop in such teams .

Politics

Politics in an organisation is a self-serving behaviour which is used by employees and managers to obtain some positive result (Halbesleben, and Wheeler, 2015). In today's scenario it is seen that individuals in an organisation use politics for their personal benefits and do not consider its impact on organisation. Organisational benefits are categorised into four types which are weeds, rocks, high grounds and woods. Weeds consist of informal networks. They grow without any effort. High ground includes both authorities and the system as a whole. Woods are the things which cannot be neglected i.e., formal guidelines. Rocks rest on interaction between individual and formal sources. These organisational politics have following effects on employees-

• Decrease in productivity- Politics have a negative effect on output of the organisation. It has a negative impact on both the person who starts it and the person about whom it is. The person who start it pays less attention to work and is busy in playing politics and the person who is not even involved suffers because it is indirectly affecting his image. Due to this the tasks are not completed and goals are not achieved on time.
• Spoils the ambience- Due to politics the environment in workplace is affected a lot. A negative environment is created due to it. People find it difficult to work in such an environment. It even spoils the relationships amongst various employees.
• Wrong information- The information passed in such cases is wrong most of the times. As this information passes through people they mould it according to their perspective and often right person has to deal with questions raised against them.

When talking about River Island the management makes sure no such nuisance takes place in organisation. They initiate conversation between employees and conduct healthy competitions during training sessions to make sure that there are no grudges between employees that may later lead to any negative situations.

Power

Power is the ability of one person to get things done from another. In case of River Island power is dispersed among the employees (Harvey, Bolino, and Kelemen, 2018). They follow this practice so that while taking decisions time can be saved. Different powers which are given to employees and managers of River Island are mentioned below-

• Legitimate Power- In this managers have position power. They follow a command and control structure.
• Reward Power- In this managers have the power to reward employees with various benefits based on their performance. Managers at River Island follow this practice after every new launch.
• Referent Power- Referent power is when an individual can attract others with their personality. The attracted person also develop loyalty towards them. The designers at River Island possess this power to attract the upcoming designers or interns at company.
• Informational Power- This is power of having such important information which no one else have. Important information can be competitors strategies, information about their new projects etc.
• Expert Power-Expertise knowledge in a field gives an individual the Expert Power. This power in River Island are also with the designers.

These are the various type of powers which managers at River Island have and it helps them to efficiently and effectively get their work done.

Analyse how culture, politics and power affects individual as well as team behaviour and performance

These three factors including organisational culture, politics and power affects team behaviour and performance of the company (Khalid, and Ahmed, 2016). Team management is an effective work and this is achieved by managing all issues that team members are facing while making their team to work. Performance of individual as well as team is affected by culture, politics and power. When there is positive culture at workplace, performance of employees is increased. If organisational politics is present within workplace then employees are not able to focus on their work and goals are not achieved in given time frame. Sometimes, individuals working in teams face problem if there is politics at workplace. Leaders of the organisation must use their power in perfect manner.Worried for Behavior Management Assignment Help? Get our experts Help Now!

Asses how content and process theory of motivation and its techniques helps in achievement of organisational goals

Motivation is the self-desire of an individual to work towards a service or a goal. It can be defined as a process that helps a person to attain goal-oriented behaviours. Employee motivation is method of motivating employees in an organization so that they put forward their best efforts. Motivated employees prove to be efficient assets for an organization. Management of River Island comes up with new ways of motivating their employees regularly. Their work is based on the recent trends of markets (Khan, Khan, and Gul, 2019). It becomes very essential for them to not any change in taste and preference of customer. For this the employees at River Island need to be proactive. The organisation therefore tries their best to keep the employees motivated so that they work efficiently and effectively. Many scientists have come up with various theories regarding motivation. These theories help determine the way through which employees can be motivated. The motivation provided to an employee can be distributed in two broad categories that are intrinsic and extrinsic.

Motivational Theories-

A number of scientists and philosophers came up with many theories for employee motivation (Mackey, and et.al, 2018). It is very important that the employees have a positive attitude towards task or work they are allotted. Motivational theories adopted by managers of River Island are :

Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory (Content Theory)-Maslow's theory was introduced by Abraham Maslow an American philosopher in 1950's. This theory is explained in five stages. All these stages are different levels of satisfaction for an individual. The different stages of Maslow's theory of needs are-

• Physiological Needs: This is the first basic need of an individual which wtaer, cloth, food, shelter and air. In order to fulfil this need or their employees River Island provide them with salary , house rent allowance etc.
• Safety And Security Needs: Safety and security refers to both financial as well as non-financial security. In order to fulfil this need River Island provides its employees with job security, various insurance, health benefits etc.
• Social Needs: Social needs refers to need for belongingness. The individuals in River Island are satisfied as reputation of their organisation in market is good and organisation also helps maintain healthy relationships between employees which fulfils social needs.
• Esteem Needs: This next need is regarding self esteem and self respect. After attaining social needs people want to feel superior .In order to fulfil this need of its employee River Island makes sure that promotions and appraisals are conducted at regular interval.
• Self-Actualization Needs: At this stage person has everything he ever required. All other needs of the individual is satisfied. Now the work on individual creativity is required. For this River Island organises seminar and motivational speeches so that an individual understands their potential and works accordingly.

Vroom's Expectancy Theory (Process Theory)

Vroom's expectancy theory was introduced in the year 1964 by Victor Vroom. This model consists of three major elements-

Expectancy: According to this element it is expected from the employee to work on themselves. It is duty of employee to improve the quality of their work. An employee needs to develop self confidence in order to turn their efforts into performance. River Island provides their employees with opportunities for self evaluation and if an unattainable target is achieved it boosts up employees motivation.

Instrumentality: Instrumentality is basic thought that on achievement of the targets in an organisation rewards will be received. These rewards can be in more than one form such as increase in pay, promotion, recognition , commissions etc. It is a very good method of motivation because very individual wants rewards. If the company follows this all the employees will work on their skills and try to give their best (Mueller, Renken, and van Den Heuvel, 2016). River island provides its employees with regular incentive, best designer for season, best salesperson and may other rewards in order to motivate them.

Valency: Valence can be stated as the value or importance that an employee gives to the rewards based on his goals, needs and sources of motivation. This means that rewards for each individual needs to be different based on their personal inclination. In River Island there are many type of rewards and incentives which allow the employees to choose best for them. They give monitory benefits, recognition, promotions and many other benefits.

Its been 72 years since River island was established. It now owns over 350 stores worldwide along with 6 online websites. The human resource acquired by them is huge which includes designer and executives in London headquarters, to salesman in stores, technicians handling online sites etc. Such huge human capital is managed very efficiently by human resource team of the company. They have used various theories and concepts of organisational behaviour and applied them on respective areas of work to make sure than resources are utilised properly. Focusing on various motivational theories they came up with different motivational factors for different segments of their businesses. Also they have critically analysed the behaviour or employees and created an organisational culture which suits the best for the achievement of objectives set by them.

Evaluation of effects of motivational theory and concept on behaviour of an individual

After critical analysis of all these theories applied in an organisation results can be concluded that these theories affects behaviour of employees positively. These theories have helped organisation to keep their employees motivated. When not applied carefully it can also have a negative effect on organisations performance.

Relation between organisational culture, politics and power and the way in which motivation enables success of teams

Organisational culture refers to environment in which employees are working. Politics is defined as activities that are performed by employees when they have no interest in working. Such people are more into making fun of colleagues and people. Power is strength that is with leaders of company in managing and handling work. Motivation of employees is essential for success of activities and tasks. A successful team is one which attains it's goals and objectives in less time. When there is positive work culture and power is used by leaders effectively and there are no cases of politics, there is peaceful environment in the company. This helps in attaining success of team as well as individual targets.

Discuss what makes a team effective and ineffective.

There are basically two types of teams working within the company which are effective as well as ineffective team. If company is working in teams and groups, it is important for these teams to be effective (Rashid, Gul, and Khalid, 2018). An effective team is able to encourage discussion on different topics related to project work. The characteristics of effective team in River Island organisation are mentioned below -

• Taking effective decisions – it is essential for a successful team that all members must participate and give their contribution within group and take right decisions.
• Open discussion – All the individuals within team are participating in project work and they are allowed to share their views and ideas for doing the project. This helps in increasing the contribution of employees and making them feel involved within the company.
• Use of situational leadership – Teams have to work under various situations and thus it is necessary for them to use situational leadership in which they know how to manage different situations within team.

On the other hand, ineffective teams are one those which are not able to achieve their goals and objectives within time and it fails to attain success. The ineffective groups of organisation are seen to have more fights and arguments while working. The characteristics of ineffective teams are mentioned below -

• Negative work environment – When employees are working in ineffective teams, there is development of negative work environment and individuals do not feel to work in proper manner.
• Ineffective decision making – Within ineffective teams, there are scenarios where individuals are not able to make decisions for benefiting business profit and sales.

Tuckman Theory of team development:

This is a team development theory that was developed by Bruce Truckman in the year 1965. according to this team development model, all individuals must be provided tasks according to their skills and expertise. When teams are developed within River Island organisation, there are five stages within this model mentioned below -

Forming- According to this first stage of team development there is introduction of new targets and tasks to individuals. Team members of River Island organisation collects information about new fashion trends among customers, planning of new plans and strategies occurs and these plans are analysed properly (Skinner, and Stewart, 2017). Individuals of different background have to work effectively within teams and these people are coming from different culture and background.

Storming- As per the storming stage, it is seen that different individuals working in team share their experience and views about projects and how their targets can be achieved properly. The team members of River Island organisation are free to share their ideas and complete the project work. The increase in bonding helps to reduce fights and conflicts that occurs while working together.

Norming- According to this stage, all team mates are provided rules and regulations that they have to follow while working. These practices are followed by team members of River Island organisation to manage work in effective manner.

Performing- According to this phase, there is need of high high level of intelligence, motivation and competence which is needed for doing work within teams. This is main step of implementing action and doing great work.

Adjourning- At this stage, work is completed and now team members have to separate and do other jobs assigned to them.

Examine effective theories of team development

Team management is an essential factor that helps managers to complete and accomplish business tasks and operations in given time. The Tuckman's theory is used in River Island for ensuring that team members are facing minimum problem while working on any project. After analysing this model, it is concluded that main thing on which the company must focus on is having less conflicts and increasing effectiveness of team functioning.

Apply various philosophies and concepts of organisational behaviour in context of organisation

Organisational behaviour is defined as the way of analysing behaviour of individuals working in the company. There are lot of elements on which behaviour and attitude of employees working in the company depends (Szabó, and et.al, 2018). These includes value & beliefs, customs, traditions and ethics. River Island organisation has an objective to increase sales and profits of the company in specified time frame. There are few theories and philosophies of organisational behaviour which can be followed in River Island organisation that are discussed below -

Business Condition: In reference to River Island organisation, it is not able to provide good customer satisfaction as there is lack of communication among employees and managers. Also, there are cases of conflicts and fights among employees while working together. A theory is applied in River Island organisation is Path Goal Theory which is discussed in following paragraph:

Path Goal Theory

According to the Path goal theory model, it is analysed that style and behaviour of leader affects employee as well as work environment for attaining organisational objectives and goals. As per this theory, leaders selects specific behaviour of employees that are best suited for needs of employees and workplace surroundings. It helps leaders to guide their subordinates effectively.

There are four types of leadership style in this theory:

• Directive leadership is a style in which clear instructions and objectives are given to employees.
• Supportive leadership focuses on building good relationship with employees so that their loyalty and satisfaction can be increased.
• Participative leadership invites ideas from employees in decision making process of company. Employees are aware of all issues with company and what decisions are taken about it.
• Achievement oriented leadership is when leader are responsible for setting challenges for employees and showing trust in capabilities of employees.

Leaders at River Island uses a combination of participative and achievement oriented leadership. They allow their employees to take part in decision making and give them difficult goals trusting on them to fulfil it.

Categorization of Path Goal Theory

Employee Characteristics: In reference to River Island organisation which is a fashion brand has to analyse the needs and wants of customers for increasing sales of the company. There is need for motivating employees and subordinates for attaining organisational goals in less time. There is need of developing positive environment at workplace and effective motivation is provided for working towards organisational objectives.

Environment and Task attributes: According to this element, managers and leaders of River Island organisation are emphasising on various issues and problems faced by employees and subordinates. The executives and managers working in the company analyse problems of employees and provide effective solutions. In River Island leaders allotted tasks to employees based on their skills and capabilities. They also motivated employees from time to time. The performance and productivity of employees is improved and it is checked on regular basis.

Leadership Behaviour: As per this step, main emphasis of manager or leader is on selecting the best style that can be used by leaders for managing business situations. The leaders and managers of River Island organisation is have to attain organisational goals by performing functions in specified time frame.

The managers of River Island organisation are using Participative Management style. According to this style of management, leaders focus upon efforts that an employee gives in completing his targets and working for company's goals. This management style used in this company helps to make employees feel more involved within organisation and the decision making process. By using this style, it is easy for managers to create positive workplace environment. This is helpful in making the communication process of the company more strong and effective.Take Assignment Samples Now!

Investigate and measure how concepts & philosophies influence behaviour in positive as well as negative manner

There are various theories and philosophies of organisational behaviour adopted within the company. The concept of OB is related to analysing human behaviour while working in the company. It is important for all leaders and managers to provide positive approach and work in effective manner. There are both negative as well as positive impact of these philosophies and theories on functioning of the company. If leader of River Island organisation is using path goal leadership theory and guiding it's employees to work and achieve their targets in less time, they are creating positive relations with employees. On the other hand, negative impact of using path goal leadership is that in some situations leaders are not able to guide all the employees effectively. This develops demotivation among employees and thus, productivity decreases.

Analysis and evaluation of team development theory which affects behaviour at workplace

From the Tuckman's theory, it is analysed that team development is an essential factor that is helpful in attaining organisational goals in less time. Within an organisation, it is important that there is presence of effective team for company's success. There are various factors for an effective team within River Island organisation such as clear communication among all subordinates and managers, problem solving and taking regular meetings for solving conflicts and fights. Moreover, the teams which are not performing effectively will have to face several consequences that lead to loss in profits and sales.

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, it can be analysed that organisational behaviour includes various aspects that are associated with managing different functions and operations of the company. There are three main factors within organisation – power, culture and politics that affects functioning of individuals as well as teams. There are several theories of motivation which are used for motivating employees to work and attain organisational goals. All these theories depends upon nature and behaviour of employees working in the company. Effective teams are developed within organisation for managing different processes of the company. OB includes various philosophies that can be applied in business situations for implementing positive workplace environment.

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