Managerial Economics

The respective report for United Kingdom from OECD is reviewed with the help of economic theories and models. In order to generate an overview of relationship between various economic factors, an illustration is taken into consideration. Suppose, the economy is facing downturn and nation’s GDP falls or productivity gets declined in the economic territory of the country. Moreover, demand is sky rocketing within the nation. As a result, inflation rate will rise due to disequilibrium between production and demand from the people.

Due to elevation in inflation rate edible and non edible products will be dearer for the people. Consequently, demand for these products will certainly fall and firms will book low profits in their business. If the inflation rate rise globally then export from country will shrink  as seen in FY 2008 to 2014 (Khairy andet.al., 2006). As a result, price of raw material will also increase and sharp fluctuation in currency will fuel this problem. So, entire scenario will be that inflation is in domestic land which is reducing people purchasing power and profit of companies.

On other hand, import of raw materials at higher price will elevate production cost. Such percentage enhancement in this cost cannot be immediately passed to the customers. So, higher inflation rate affects both people as well as corporate. In such scenario, central bank makes intervention and by making changes in repo, reverse repo, CRR and SLR rates makes an attempt to control inflation rate by making adjustment in the money supply (Castells, 2011). In such a scenario, central bank will certainly increase CRR, SLR and repo rate in order to reduce money supply in an economy. Less availability of loan will reduce demand for houses, vehicles and expenses on part of people. Ultimately, demand will be reduced and price of commodities will become stable in the country. In this way central bank plays prominent role in promoting, production, consumption and savings in the economy.

There are many principles and theories in economics as discipline. The theories such as trade can make better off, markets organize economic activity etc forms part of economics as subject. Trade can make better off which states that every country is specialized in manufacturing some products whereas it cannot produce other products due to lack of resources. Thus, every nation must make sound relations with other nations and export goods in which it is specialized. It must import goods which it cannot produce. Hike in inflation rate creates problem for UK and this hinder growth of export. In order to enhance export, OECD recommends government of England to raise interest rates that will reduce availability of loan to general public and companies. Hence, their demand for raw material and products will reduce and inflation rate will be reduced (OECD Economic surveys United Kingdom, 2015).

Other principle is “market organizes economic activity” which states that central governments must entrust pricing and output decisions on the firm. This concept assumes that with change in demand forces companies to make adjustments in their pricing and output decisions (Wallerstein, 2011). “Government can improve market outcome” is another important principle of economics which states that every decisions cannot be left on market forces. Some of the issues can be resolved only by government such as allocation of resources, control of emission of carbon etc. Government of UK is focusing on generating more and more renewable energy but share of this category of energy is very low in the UK relative to other OECD nations. OECD suggests UK to address non financial barriers to generate large portion of projected total energy generation from renewable sources of energy. Apart from this, it also suggests that supply chain system for renewable sources must be implemented specially in case of wind, off shore energy (Shapiro and Varian, 2013). Along with this, OECD recommends that there must be clarity on planning for resolving issues so as to maintain confidence among investors. This will certainly help UK in reducing pollution from its land.

There are many theories in economies and quantity theory of money is one of them. This theory states that price and money supply goes hand in hand. With change in money supply, the price of finished products also changes. OECD recommends government of UK to prepare sound monetary policy and make necessary changes in its CRR, SLR and open market operations strategy. Apart from this, theory of value is also quite popular among economists and this theory is divided into many categories. One of such category is intrinsic, subjective and labor theory of value. Intrinsic theory states that, value of product contains in itself. Means by adding cost of raw material and margin amount on each unit of goods produced final price of the product must be determined. On the other hand, subjective value of theory holds that value of any product must be determined on the basis of importance of that commodity from buyers’ perspective (Keohane, 2005). It depends on the company to decide that which theory is correct for pricing decisions.

Currently, most of the European nations are facing many problems in their economies. If we take a look at the UK economy data then its GDP is 0.7, inflation rate is 0 and PMI is above 50. This in-turn shows that, a UK’ economy is growing at slow pace. Inflation rate is 0 and this reflects that firms margin on sales is not growing. Hence, economy is growing at slow pace and margin is not growing. However, in order to improve this condition it must implement recommendations provided by OECD in terms of monetary policy and infrastructure development (Dunning and Lundan, 2008).

There is a significant relationship between micro and macroeconomic theories. Some of microeconomics theories are theory of demand and supply, cost and production. On other hand, some of the relevant theories of macroeconomics are theory of inflation, business cycle and economic fluctuations. Theory of demand and supply is highly related to the theory of inflation. This is because inflation and demand are highly correlated with each other. With the increase in demand and lack of supply, inflation rate gets increased. If supply is excessive than demand, in that case inflation rate gets declined (Castells, 2011).  During and after 2008, demand and supply gets unbalanced at global level and due to this inflation rate was skyrocketing worldwide. Such an imbalance comes into existence because global economic crisis affects company’s economic health and nation’s economy. As a result, import and export gets declined and currency devaluation starts which makes import of goods expensive. As a result, people purchasing power gets reduced and traction in unemployment rate also adversely affects buying capacity of the people.  This affects demand from consumers regarding products. Due to high inflation and unemployment rate people purchasing power gets reduced. Thus, hike in price of products is observed due to disequilibrium in demand and supply (Hayek, 2012). In this way, microeconomics theory of demand and supply is related with theory of inflation which falls under macroeconomics section of economics as a discipline.

There are many other theories of microeconomics which is linked to theory of macroeconomics. In respect to this, theory of business cycle and cost are interrelated to each other. Theory of business cycle states that economy runs in a specific way like boom, recession and recovery. This cycle hold that if an economy is growing at unexpectedly faster pace than after reaching at certain level, recession comes and then recovery process gets started. On the other hand, theory of cost states that an organization bear various kinds of costs like TC, TFC, TVC, AFC,AVC and AC (Maddison, 2007).

Where,

TC= Total cost
TFC= Total fixed cost
TVC= Total variable cost
AFC= Average fixed cost
AVC= Average variable cost
AC= Average cost

These costs are interrelated to each other and change in one cost brings change in other cost. For example change in variable cost will bring change in the total cost. Same thing is applied in case of average cost. With the change in business cycle business conditions get changed and cost of raw material also gets changed. Thus, cost of production also changes and change in one cost brings modification in another cost. If there is recession in an economy then sales of the firm will fall and same trend will be observed in the productivity. As a result, export will be declined and devaluation of currency will happen. On other hand, interest rates will increase for controlling enhancement in demand from people in the domestic land. Due to fall in currency value, import of raw material will be dearer which will increase production cost (Minsky and Kaufman, 2008). Elevation in production cost cannot be passed to customers easily. Hence, the firm will earn low margin on sales. In this way, theory of business cycle and cost are interrelated to each other. Theory of cost sates that companies by increasing their output level can reduce per unit cost. Devaluation of currency will make purchase of domestic products cheaper for foreign traders.  Due to this reason, demand for product will increase in foreign markets. Firm by increasing sales in foreign market can enhance its revenue and at the same time due to massive production total variable cost and fixed cost (TVC and TFC) will get reduced. Hence, firm will be able to earn high amount of revenue from the foreign market where demand of their product is very high (Sassen, 2011).

For example, Apar industry ltd. is operating in electricity sector and producing cable wires, transformers and lubricants. In FY 2013, it was earning moderate revenue quarterly in the initial months of mentioned fiscal year. Share of India and other nations in revenue was 70% and 30% respectively. On the basis of financial data, management takes immediate action and they decide to focus on foreign markets for elevating revenue. At the end of the year, scenario gets changed and share of India and other nations in its revenue was 55% and 45% respectively (Dicken, 2007). It can be said that, at this time there was recession in this industry and central government was not paying due attention on developing infrastructure for electricity transmission. In that time, Apar industries pay attention to foreign countries and earn good revenue and also manage to reduce the per unit variable cost. In this way, theory of business cycle and cost are interrelated to each other.

Thus, infrastructure development proves to have major role in transition of economy from recession to recovery. If domestic economy is in recession then inflation rate gets enhanced, productivity declined, currency gets devalued and gap in balance of payment get increased. In such a scenario, purchase of raw material from foreign nations proves to be very costly due to devaluation of domestic currency relative to foreign currency. Firms cannot pass such an elevation in cost to its customers. Hence, in that case company can sell their products in the foreign market. Due to lower value of domestic currency importers will be able to buy products at low price (Logan and Molotch, 2007). Hence, demand for the company’s product will rise in foreign markets. This will help organization in earning target amount of revenue in the specific fiscal year. In this way per unit cost will also remain in control. But this is possible only when target foreign market is not in recession or less affected by recession. Get best online assignment help Now!

In recession unemployment rate increases and purchasing power gets reduced. Apart from this, GDP falls and inflation rate increases. Ultimately, traction in cost of production is increased. At that time government by making investment in infrastructure can generate employment opportunities in the home land. OECD recommends government of UK that it must consistently follow national infrastructure plan and must follow PPP (Public private partnership) model in this regard. Public guarantee can also be used to boost investment from private organizations in infrastructure projects. All these efforts will push money flow in economy and will give employment opportunities to large number of people (Castells, 2010). Along with this, formulation and implementation of effective monetary and fiscal policy will help UK to bring itself out of recession cycle. Thus, it is clear that investment in infrastructure, monetary and fiscal policy will play prominent role in the transition of UK economy.

UK is in better condition than any other European nation in terms of GDP, PMI and inflation rate. Most of the firms are feeling pressure on sales and a growth in sales is observed by low percentage. In order to solve this issue it is necessary to understand reasons which are chiefly responsible for such a low a mow margin earning on sales. Some of the reasons that are prominently responsible for this problem are zero inflation rates. This inflation rate reflects that there is not any sort of change in prices of edible and non edible items. Hence, margin percentage is not increased on sales. Second problem may be stronger pound value in comparison to major trading partners’ currency. Elevation in exchange rate of pound makes export dearer and demand for product get reduced among major trading partner nations (Frey and Stutzer, 2010). High unemployment rate which is 5% is very huge and employed people have to bear burden of unemployed people. Hence, purchasing power of people also gets declined. This affects the demand for products from consumers. In order to solve this problem, central bank can reduce bank rate and repo rate. Due to reduction in repo rate banks will get loan from central bank at low interest rate. Thus, more loans will be available to people and their purchasing power will be increased. Hence, demand from people will also increase.

Apart from this, like USA government UK can also use quantitative easing and bailout package in order to provide support to corporate houses of UK. Under quantitative easing program UK government will prepare a budget and it will be allocated among various sectors (Greif, 2006). Budgeted amount will be used to give support to institutions operating in educational, health care or any other sector. As a result, companies operating in various sectors will be able to provide their products and services at affordable price. This will elevate purchasing power of the people and demand will increase from consumers. By using quantitative easing programs, USA improves its economic condition and enhance employment rate. Get Assignment help Now!

In order to push export, UK can undervalue its currency. Devaluation of pound will increase demand for UK homemade products in countries like India, China and other south East Asian nations. Hence, revenue of firm will increase and employment opportunities will also gets increased in UK. So devaluation of pound is another alternative that government of UK can use to boost its export. Another problem which UK companies are currently facing is lack of finance from banks and financial institutions. In this regard UK government can give public guarantee under which if any company is failed to repay its debt then central bank will make payment of debt amount (Gali and Monacelli, 2005). In respect to this, government needs to determine strict standards under which only those companies will avail this facility which are financially sound. By doing this credible image of selected companies will be created among banks and NBFC'S. Thus, good companies will easily get loan from banks and NBFC'S. In this way, firms will not face hindrance in their growth due to lack of availability of finance.

UK major trading partners are located in Europe and USA and it is well known fact that most of these nations are facing lot of problems in their economies. Thus, export of UK is not growing at a fast pace. UK government can follow a principle of economics which is known as “trade can make better off”. By following this principle of economics UK can develop its relationship with countries like India, Malaysia etc. These are those nations who achieve good growth rate even when market conditions were unfavorable. India is a nation in which large consumer base likes to consume foreign products (Pomeranz, 2009). By developing strong business ties with Asian nations UK can elevate its export. Thus, revenue of firms will increase and government will also receive lot of foreign reserves from export. Hence, balance of payment will remain surplus and country becomes more stable.

On the basis of above discussion, it is concluded that global economy is passing through  difficult time and nations needs to prepare policies which initiate transition process in their economy. Central banks of nations need to understand uncertain environment and domestic situations to frame their monetary policies. Effective use of such policies will help firms in maintaining stiff control on inflation rate. Further, governments must make an investment in infrastructure to bring economy on track and create employment opportunities in the nation (Rose-Ackerman, 2011). Countries must sign MOU with other nations in order to boost their export and increasing for ex reserves. Currency fluctuation is a big problem for nations. Moreover, countries can undervalue their currency according to demand of situation. Government of countries needs to prepare such policies which create confidence among investors regarding investment in their land. In this regard, they can organize massive programs through which they can invite investments from foreign countries in their homeland. From these programs government officials can communicate their plan that they are going to implement in order to elevate growth rate of their country (What is economics, 2015). This will certainly help in attracting FDI investment from foreign countries in the home land. Get hnd assignment help Now!

REFERENCES

• Castells, M., 2010. End of Millennium: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture| (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.
• Castells, M., 2011. The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society, and culture. John Wiley & Sons.
• Castells, M., 2011.The power of identity: The information age: Economy, society, and culture (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.
• Dicken, P., 2007. Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy. SAGE Publications Ltd.
• Dunning, J. H and Lundan, S. M., 2008. Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Economy, E. C., 2011. The river runs black: the environmental challenge to China's future. Cornell University Press.
• Frey, B. S and Stutzer, A., 2010. Happiness and economics: How the economy and institutions affect human well-being. Princeton University Press.
• Gali, J and Monacelli, T., 2005. Monetary policy and exchange rate volatility in a small open economy. The Review of Economic Studies. 72(3). pp. 707-734.
• Greif, A., 2006. Institutions and the path to the modern economy: Lessons from medieval trade. Cambridge University Press.
• Hayek, F. A.. 2012. Law, legislation and liberty: a new statement of the liberal principles of justice and political economy. Routledge.
• Keohane, R. O., 2005.After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton University Press.
• Khairy, P., et.al., 2006. Pregnancy outcomes in women with congenital heart disease. Circulation.113(4). pp. 517-524.
• Logan, J. R and Molotch, H. L., 2007. Urban fortunes: The political economy of place. Univ of California Press.
• Maddison, A., 2007. The world economy volume 1: A millennial perspective volume 2: Historical statistics. Academic Foundation.
• Minsky, H. P and Kaufman, H., 2008. Stabilizing an unstable economy (Vol. 1). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Pomeranz, K., 2009. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton University Press.

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